Phased activated sludge system

ABSTRACT

The inventions describe a phased activated sludge treatment system that incorporates elements of batch treatment technology into a flow-through treatment process. Control of mixing and aeration systems are independent to facilitate the operation of the main reactor vessel in alternating aerated and anoxic conditions. Conditioning vessels in communication with the main reactor are employed to preferentially control the distribution and balance of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in the reactor and to remove such biological nutrients concurrently with BOD and TSS in the wastewater. The inventions provide the beneficial results of providing greater operator control of flow-through treatment processes, power saving and reduced operation and maintenance costs in comparison to conventional flow-through treatment technologies.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present inventions apply generally to the treatment of municipal andindustrial wastewater using activated sludge processes. Morespecifically, the inventions are directed to activated sludge treatmentprocesses carried out within flow-through wastewater treatment systemsusing time based process controls for aeration, nitrification,denitrification, phosphorus removal and related biosolids conditioning.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Typical municipal and industrial wastewater contains pollutantsexpressed as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). In a conventionalflow-through wastewater treatment system which employs an activatedsludge process for pollutant removal, the reactor vessel containing theactivated sludge is continuously aerated as the wastewater passesthrough the vessel. Continuous aeration serves two purposes, it deliversoxygen to the active biomass of the activated sludge to sustain itsability to remove biochemical pollutants and it creates a turbulent flowcondition in the vessel to thoroughly mix the activated sludge with thewastewater.

Aeration is conventionally accomplished with a combination of blowersand diffusers as are known in the art. Thus, two functions are preformedby the same equipment, namely, mixing and aeration. One of thedisadvantages of using the same equipment for both the aeration and themixing functions is that energy, a significant cost component ofwastewater treatment, is not efficiently used. The blowers and diffusersof the aeration system run continuously, even if continuous aeration isnot required to sustain the activated sludge. In addition, aerationpromotes the nitrification of ammonia nitrogen (NH₃—N) into nitratenitrogen (NO₃—N) which, while beneficial during treatment, may need tobe removed later in the treatment process through denitrification.

Another disadvantage of a dual use or function aeration and mixingsystem is that the wastewater treatment plant operator is unable tocontrol the balance between various beneficial forms of nitrogen in theactivated sludge reactor vessel. Continuous aeration prevents theperiodic or phased operation of the reactor vessel in an anoxiccondition. Anoxic conditions in the reactor vessel both reduce theenergy demand of the treatment process and allow for denitrification tooccur before the treated flow passes through the vessel. Thus, there isa need for a flow-through activated sludge treatment process thatprovides for the phased operation of the reactor vessel either with orwithout aeration.

In addition to aeration, the reactor vessel in a conventionalflow-through treatment process continuously receives a flow of returnactivated sludge (RAS) which has been recycled from a downstream solidsseparation phase. The RAS is reaerated in the reactor vessel, againimposing energy costs on the treatment process. Moreover, by reaeratingthe RAS, a source of bacterial solids that provide a food source fororganisms that preferentially expel phosphorus is wasted. Thus, there isa further need for a flow-through activated sludge treatment processthat provides for the phased conditioning and redirection of RAS priorto its return to the reactor vessel.

Along with the reduction of BOD, wastewater treatment systems must alsoprovide processes for biological nutrient reduction (BNR) which includesthe reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in thewastewater effluent. BNR processes may be designed as separate sludgesystems that conventionally take place after secondary clarification ofa first stage of treatment. Such downstream removal processes requirethe expense of separate equipment, energy and chemical conditioning.Thus, there is a further need for a flow-through activated sludgetreatment process that provides the ability to selectively removenon-preferential biological nutrients in a single sludge treatmentsystem.

In certain embodiments of the inventions described herein, mixing andaeration operations in the reactor vessel are performed independently byequipment such as the MixAir® products of Aqua-Aerobic Systems, Inc.Thus, it is a feature and an advantage of these inventions thatwastewater treatment process operators have independent control overmixing and aeration within the reactor vessel. Independent control,based on observed or measured conditions in the reactor vessel, allowsfor the regulation of aeration power to conserve energy withoutsacrificing necessary mixing. Also, such control capability permits thescheduling of anoxic periods in the reactor vessel to allow for nitratereduction (denitrification).

In other embodiments of the inventions described herein, a reactorvessel with independently controlled aeration and mixing can be combinedwith a RAS separation vessel such as a phase separator of the generaltype described and referenced in U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,108 which isincorporated by reference. Thus, it is a feature and an advantage ofthese inventions that the bacterial solids of the RAS can beconcentrated and separated from the RAS supernatant. The thickenedsolids from the phase separator can be diverted to an anaerobic vesselto enhance the nutrient removal process while the supernatant(containing proportionately higher concentrations of oxidized nitrogen)can be returned to the reactor vessel.

In other embodiments of the inventions described herein, an anaerobicvessel is positioned upstream of the reactor vessel and is in fluidcommunication with the phase separator. The anaerobic vessel receivesthickened solids from the phase separator as a uniquely concentratedfood source for organisms that preferentially expel phosphorus. Also,the phase separator diverts the RAS supernatant away from the anaerobicvessel, thereby isolating oxidized nitrogen from the anaerobic cell.Thus, it is a feature and an advantage of these inventions thatphosphorus removal from the influent waste stream is enhanced in thereactor vessel. The ability to enhance phosphorus removal through theintroduction of concentrated RAS solids to the anaerobic vessel reducesthe cost of BNR treatment equipment, treatment chemicals and energy.

Further features and advantages of the inventions will be apparent tothose of ordinary skill in the field of the invention from the moredetailed description of certain embodiments of the inventions asdescribed below.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In order to efficiently and effectively remove pollutants from awastewater stream, the operator of a wastewater treatment process needsdirect access, monitoring and control of the treatment processenvironments. With respect to physical components, the inventionscomprise various combinations and permutations of: a) a reactor vesselwherein activated sludge is aerated and mixed with a wastewater streamrequiring the reduction of BOD and nutrient concentrations; b) aseparation vessel wherein RAS or a combination of RAS and mixed liquorsuspended solids (MLSS) from the reactor vessel can be isolated intoconstituent components of concentrated or thickened solids and asupernatant; and, c) an anaerobic vessel which receives the majority ofthe wastewater influent stream and thickened solids from the separationvessel for nutrient removal. Optionally, the physical components mayalso include a vessel maintaining an anoxic condition for the reductionof nitrate nitrogen (NO₃—N) to nitrogen gas (N₃) in the MLSS recycledfrom the reactor vessel.

In addition to the physical components, process controls are availableto the operator to regulate variables such as aeration power in responseto measured conditions in the reactor vessel. Preferentially, dissolvedoxygen (DO) monitors or oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) monitors areinstalled in or around the reactor vessel. Data collected from thesemonitors can be displayed to an operator or communicated to an automatedcontrol device such as, among other things a programmable logiccontroller (PLC) or elements of a supervisory control and dataacquisition (SCADA) system as are known in the art. It is recognizedthat other instrumentation and other characteristics of the MLSS or thecontent of reactor effluent channel 53 can be measured and used tocontrol the timing and duration of aeration phases in the reactor vesselsuch as by the use of one or more specific ion probes or respirometers.

These process controls allow the operator to create anoxic conditions inthe reactor vessel and to alternate between anoxic and aerobicconditions. The aerobic and anoxic phases can be manually controlled bythe operator, paced by a timer, or driven by measured data from the DOand ORP monitors. In combination, the physical components and processcontrols of the inventions permit a flow-through treatment system toobtain many of the benefits of batch treatment technology, allowingtreatment to be performed on a time basis in a common reactor whichwould otherwise be accomplished by additional treatment vessels andcapital equipment.

Using a phased activated sludge system enables the treatment processoperator to reduce NO₃—N in the reactor vessel during an anoxic phasewhere existing BOD in the mixed liquor is metabolized using the oxygenpresent in nitrate in the absence of aeration. This reduces the normalinternal sludge recycle requirements that multi-stage, flow-throughactivated sludge systems normally must provide to achieve effluent NO₃—Nreduction. Further, when the treatment process operator can control thetiming and duration of anoxic periods in the reactor vessel incombination with RAS and MLSS recycle control, the operator has realtime control of the ratio of NH3—N to NO3—N in the reactor vessel. Thus,the operation of a phased activated sludge treatment process caneliminate the need for multiple anoxic basins and recycle flowrequirements and result in, among other things, simplified piping andequipment layouts and reduced power costs.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are used in the specification and/or claims of thispatent and are intended to have their broadest meaning consistent withthe requirements of law:

-   anaerobic vessel—a vessel used in the treatment of wastewater in    which anaerobic conditions are substantially maintained to    selectively promote the growth of certain biological organisms or    certain end products;-   batch treatment—a method of treating wastewater by the conveyance of    discrete volumes of wastewater through a treatment device as opposed    to the substantially continuous flow of wastewater through a    treatment device;-   channel—any structure that conveys a fluid from one location to    another, whether in the form of an open conduit, a closed conduit, a    weir, a plenum, a passageway, an orifice or other structure;-   continuous flow—a method of wastewater treatment performed in a    series of vessels through which some amount of a wastewater is    continually flowing (synonymous with flow-through); and-   vessel—any structure that confines a liquid volume.

Where alternative meanings are possible, the broadest meaning isintended. All words in the claims are intended to be used in the normal,customary usage of grammar, the trade and the English language.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of one embodiment of a phased activatedsludge system shown from a plan perspective.

FIG. 2 is the process flow diagram of FIG. 1 shown from an elevationperspective.

FIG. 3 is a process flow diagram of an alternate embodiment of a phasedactivated sludge system shown from a plan perspective.

FIG. 3A is a process flow diagram of a preferred embodiment of a phasedactivated sludge system shown from a plan perspective.

FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram of an alternate embodiment of a phasedactivated sludge system shown from a plan perspective.

FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram of an alternate embodiment of a phasedactivated sludge system shown from a plan perspective.

FIG. 5A is a process flow diagram of an alternate embodiment of a phasedactivated sludge system shown in a compact physical configurationwithout an anoxic vessel.

FIG. 5B is a process flow diagram of an alternate embodiment of a phasedactivated sludge system shown in a compact physical configuration withmultiple anoxic vessels.

FIG. 6 is a process flow diagram of an alternative embodiment of aphased activated sludge system shown from a plan perspective.

FIG. 7 is a process flow diagram of an alternate embodiment of a phasedactivated sludge system shown from a plan perspective.

The process flow diagrams shown in FIGS. 1-7 indicate the conceptualarrangement of elements and direction of flow. The figures are not shownto scale and do not reflect the relative size, shape or nature of anyparticular vessel or conveyance.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Set forth below is a description of what are currently believed to bethe preferred embodiments or best examples of the inventions claimed.Future and present alternatives and modifications to these preferredembodiments are contemplated. Any alternatives or modifications whichmake insubstantial changes in function, in purpose, in structure or inresult are intended to be covered by the claims of this patent.

In one preferred embodiment of the invention (see FIGS. 1 & 2), influentis directed into an anaerobic vessel 11. The influent can be a rawwastewater influent, but is more commonly the effluent from a previoustreatment step such as screening, chemical conditioning or other primarytreatment processes as are known in the art. The influent channel 51conveys the wastewater into an anaerobic vessel 11. It will beunderstood that a single anaerobic vessel 11 (see FIGS. 1-7), or aplurality of anaerobic vessels (not shown), may be used as part of thepresent inventions, depending upon design parameters such as influentvolume and pollutant load as are known in the art. Accordingly, otherreferences to a single treatment vessel shall be understood to alsoencompass the equivalent design by means of multiple vessels.

In some embodiments of the invention (see FIGS. 3A, 5B, 6 & 7), theinfluent can be split by a plurality of influent channels 51 anddirected to an anoxic vessel 13 in addition to the anaerobic vessel 11to provide a source of food to the activated sludge in anoxic vessel 13.Preferably, the diverted influent is less than fifteen percent of thetotal influent, but may be greater due to variations in the quality ofthe influent and the contents of anaerobic vessel 11 and anoxic vessel13.

The anaerobic vessel 11 also receives thickened solids delivered by pump22 from a separator 14 via a solids channel 61. A mixer 21 operates inthe anaerobic vessel 11 to combine the influent with the thickenedsolids. The mixer may be of any kind known in the art, but is preferablya direct drive mixer such as the AquaDDM® made by Aqua-Aerobic Systems,Inc. The anaerobic vessel 11 is operated in anaerobic conditions (DO ator near 0 mg/l) to accomplish the purpose of biological nutrientreduction, particularly with respect to reducing the total phosphorusconcentration of the influent. Given a typical phosphorus concentrationof 8 mg/l or less in influent channel 51, phosphorus concentrationsleaving the treatment system are in the range of 0.10-0.50 mg/l. Thebeneficial phosphorus removal qualities of the inventions will still beobtained if the phosphorus concentration in influent channel 51 isgreater than 8 mg/l, but will produce a proportionately higher range ofeffluent phosphorus concentrations.

The anaerobic vessel effluent is conveyed to the reactor vessel 12 viaeffluent channel 52 where it is mixed with activated sludge to create amixed liquor. Reactor vessel 12 includes a mixer 21 and aerationequipment. The aeration equipment may be surface mechanical aerationsuch as the Aqua-Jet® aeration products of Aqua-Aerobic Systems, Inc.And similar products as are known in the art. Alternatively the aerationequipment may comprise a blower 23 and diffusers 24 of any type as areknown in the art such as the ENDURADISC®, ENDURATUBE®, AQUA CB-12® andAQUA CB-24® aeration products of Aqua-Aerobic Systems, Inc. The mixedliquor is aerated to increase the available oxygen in the biomass andpromote the interaction of the activated sludge biomass with theinfluent to reactor vessel 12. The biomass reacts with the influent toreactor vessel 12 prior to suspended solids removal in the clarificationvessel 15. The reactor vessel 12 also includes instrumentation 25 thatmeasures certain characteristics of the mixed liquor. Preferable theinstrumentation 25 includes one or more of a DO sensor and an ORPmonitor. The duration of the mixing and aeration is controlled by eithera timing device or by the measurement of a characteristic of the mixedliquor, such as dissolved oxygen concentration or the oxidationreduction potential.

The reactor vessel 12 also receives supernatant from a separator 14 viaseparator channel 214 and supernatant channel 56. The supernatantcontains significant oxidized nitrogen in the form of NO₃—N that isdirected to reactor vessel 12 rather than anaerobic vessel 11 to avoidinterference with the phosphorus removal mechanisms promoted inanaerobic vessel 11. The concentration of NO₃—N in the mixed liquor canbe controlled by the sequencing of aeration and anoxic phases in thereactor vessel. Anoxic periods reduce the concentration of NO₃—N as theBOD of the mixed liquor requires oxygen. If the duration of the anoxicphase is sufficiently long, the NO₃—N concentration in the mixed liquorcan be reduced to 0 mg/l (thus denitrifying the mixed liquor) prior todischarging the reactor effluent to the clarifier 15. As a result ofthis action, the removal mechanisms for nitrogen and phosphorus aresignificantly enhanced.

Additional denitrification capability is provided by connecting aseparate anoxic vessel 13 to the reactor vessel 12. MLSS are recycledfrom the reactor 12 to the anoxic vessel 13 via an MLSS return channel54. Preferably the flow through the MLSS return channel 54 is controlledby a pump 22. An anoxic vessel effluent channel 55 can convey the MLSSfrom the anoxic vessel 13 to the separator 14, or in an alternativeembodiment, back to the reactor 12 (see FIGS. 3 & 3A). In some cases theextra denitrification may not be needed and anoxic vessel 13 can beomitted entirely (see FIGS. 4 & 7).

Separator 14 is preferably a phase separator of the type generallydescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,108, but may be any device thatperforms the function of separating the solid and liquid phases of afluid stream. The aeration and mixing means described as components ofthe phase separator of U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,108 are not required elementsfor the separator of the inventions described herein, but may beoptionally included to support the overall operation and maintenance ofthe treatment system. The separator 14 receives RAS from clarifier 15via RAS return channel 57. The RAS is preferably pumped to the separator14, but may be conveyed by a gravity feed if elevations at the treatmentsite are favorable. The RAS return channel 57 discharges into separatorinfluent channel 114. A pump 22 in communication with the solids zone314 of separator 14 (see FIG. 2) is used to control the splitting ofseparator 14 discharge between the supernatant channel 56 and solidschannel 61. Preferably, the separator discharge is split so thatapproximately 70 percent of the discharge is conveyed as supernatantthrough supernatant channel 56 to reactor 12 and 30 percent of thedischarge is conveyed as thickened solids through the solids channel 61to anaerobic vessel 11. Other flow splitting means and proportions ofthe separator discharge are also within the scope of the inventions andmay be desirable depending on the characteristics of the wastewater tobe treated and other performance factors as they are known to certifiedwastewater treatment plant operators and others of ordinary skill in theart.

The mixed liquor from reactor 12 is conveyed to clarifier 15 via reactoreffluent channel 53 to separate settleable solids from the wastewater.Clarifier 15 provides the means for solids/liquids separation of thereactor effluent and may be of any type known in the art. Separatedsolids are either discharged as waste solids through waste channel 58 orare recycled as RAS through RAS channel 57 to separator 14. It is alsowithin the scope of the inventions to direct RAS to one or more ofreactor 12 and communicating channel 52. Clarified effluent isdischarged through clarifier effluent channel 59 and may be conveyed toa tertiary treatment process such as various cloth media filtrationsystems (including, for example the AQUADISK®, AQUADRUM®, AQUADIAMOND®and AQUAABF® products of Aqua-Aerobic Systems, Inc.) or discharged to areceiving water if discharged permit limitations have been met.

It is recognized that most operators of wastewater treatment facilitieshave little or no control over the quality of the influent coming to thetreatment plant they operate. Variations in domestic and industrialwater use necessarily give rise to hourly, daily and seasonalfluctuations in influent wastewater quality. Thus, the inventionscontemplate a full range of separator discharge proportions and RASrouting configurations to treat the varying pollutant loadingcharacteristics of the system influent and to allow certified treatmentplant operators the greatest range of flexibility in the treatmentprocess.

In another preferred embodiment, a second anoxic vessel 13 is positionedupstream of the anaerobic vessel 11 (see FIG. 3A). In this embodiment,the second anoxic vessel 13 having mixer 21 may receive a portion of theinfluent from influent channel 51, typically less than fifteen percentof the total influent, as a food source for thickened RAS. In contrastto the embodiment of FIG. 1, the thickened solids from solids zone 314of separator 14 are discharged to the second anoxic vessel 13 and not toanaerobic vessel 11. This diversion allows for the removal of oxidizednitrogen from the RAS prior to its introduction to the anaerobic vessel11. Reduced concentrations of oxidized nitrogen in the RAS that entersanaerobic vessel 11 promotes the growth of a biomass in anaerobic vessel11 that preferentially reduces phosphorus in the wastewater. Anadditional deviation from the embodiment of FIG. 1 is that the anoxicvessel 13 that receives recycled MLSS from reactor 12 returns theconditioned MLSS to reactor 12 instead of separator 14.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention the anaerobic vessel11, reactor 12, anoxic vessel 13 and separator 14 can be configured toshare common vessel walls in a compact configuration (see FIG. 5) toreduce capital cost and conserve space. The compact configuration mayalso be applied to embodiments that employ no anoxic vessel 13 (see FIG.5A) as well as embodiments that employ an anoxic vessel 13 upstream ofthe anaerobic vessel 11 (see FIG. 5B). Again, the inclusion of one ormore anoxic vessels 13 is optional depending on treatment needs andoperator preference.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, an upstream anoxicvessel 13 may be incorporated into the configuration of the embodimentshown in FIGS. 1 & 2 for receiving the concentrated solids flow streamfrom phase separator 14 and discharge to anaerobic vessel 11 (see FIG.6). Again, the inclusion of the initial anoxic vessel 13 is optional(see FIG. 7).

For all of the above described embodiments, it is recognized thatinstrumentation 25 can be incorporated into a supervisory control anddata acquisition (SCADA) system or other automated control process.

The above description is not intended to limit the meaning of the wordsused in the following claims that define the invention. Rather, it iscontemplated that future modifications in structure, function or resultwill exist that are not substantial changes and that all suchinsubstantial changes in what is claimed are intended to be covered bythe claims.

1. A continuous flow, activated sludge wastewater treatment processcarried out in a wastewater treatment facility having an anaerobicvessel, a reactor vessel and a separator, said reactor vessel incommunication with aeration equipment, said process comprising the stepsof: combining in said anaerobic vessel a wastewater and thickenedsolids, said thickened solids obtained from said separator; operatingsaid anaerobic vessel under anaerobic conditions and promoting thesubsequent removal of biological nutrients from said wastewater beforesaid wastewater is conveyed to said reactor vessel; receiving in saidreactor vessel the wastewater discharged from said anaerobic vessel anda supernatant discharged from said separator; operating said reactorvessel in alternating aerated and anoxic phases; wherein the effluentfrom said reactor vessel following solid/liquid separation has a totalnitrogen concentration less than or equal to 3.0 mg/l.
 2. The process ofclaim 1 wherein the effluent from said reactor vessel followingsolid/liquid separation has a total phosphorus concentration less thanor equal to 0.5 mg/l.
 3. The process of claim 1 further comprising:alternating between said aerated phase and said anoxic phase in saidreactor vessel based on a measured value for oxidation-reductionpotential in said reactor vessel.
 4. The process of claim 1 furthercomprising: alternating between said aerated phase and said anoxic phasein said reactor vessel based on a measured value for dissolved oxygen insaid reactor vessel.
 5. The process of claim 1 further comprising:controlling the time and duration of said aerated phase and said anoxicphase in said reactor vessel automatically, based on a measured propertyof the mixed liquor in said reactor vessel.
 6. A system of vessels forthe treatment of wastewater comprising: a reactor vessel holding a mixedliquor of activated sludge and wastewater, said reactor vessel in fluidcommunication with an anaerobic vessel and a separator; said reactorvessel in further communication with aeration equipment; said anaerobicvessel in fluid communication with said separator and receiving a fluidstream of thickened solids from said separator; said separator in fluidcommunication with said anaerobic vessel and said reactor vessel; saidseparator receiving as an influent a fluid stream of return activatedsludge and discharging as effluent a supernatant and a fluid stream ofthickened solids said reactor vessel receiving the effluent of saidanaerobic vessel and said supernatant of said separator; wherein saidreactor vessel is capable of being operated in an aerated phase withsaid aeration equipment on and in an anoxic phase with said aerationequipment off; wherein the effluent from said reactor vessel followingsolid/liquid separation has a total nitrogen concentration less than orequal to 3.0 mg/l.
 7. The system of claim 6 wherein the effluent fromsaid reactor vessel following solid/liquid separation has a totalphosphorus concentration less than or equal to 0.5 mg/l.
 8. The systemof claim 6 further comprising one or more of a dissolved oxygen probe ora oxidation reduction potential probe located in said reactor vessel. 9.The system of claim 8 further comprising an automated control system incommunication with said one or more of a dissolved oxygen probe or aoxidation reduction potential probe, wherein said automated controlsystem alters said aeration equipment between an on condition and an offcondition based on the output of said one or more probes.
 10. The systemof claim 6 wherein said reactor vessel, said anaerobic vessel and saidseparator share at least one common wall.
 11. The system of claim 6further comprising an anoxic vessel in fluid communication with saidreactor vessel.